We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10☌ (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1☌), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km 2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km 2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground.
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